Merchant of Record: Entity responsible for financial transactions and tax compliance.

Global e-commerce transactions.

Shopify acting as MOR for its merchants.

Importer of Record: Entity legally responsible for goods during import.

IOR ensures compliance with import laws and regulations.

Import/export operations.

DHL acting as IOR for clients importing goods.

International Commercial Terms: Standard trade terms defining responsibilities of buyers and sellers.

Varies by specific term (e.g., FOB, CIF, DDP, etc.).

Determines legal obligations based on agreed term.

All international trade transactions.

Using DAP for shipping furniture from the US to Canada.

Integrated Tariff of the European Union: Database of tariffs, quotas, and customs rules for EU imports.

Customs authorities ensure compliance with TARIC rules.

Importer responsible for adhering to correct classification and duties.

EU import/export transactions.

Checking duty rates for textiles imported to the EU.

Knowledge on a National Application: Country-specific regulations applied to international trade processes.

Customs brokers and importers ensure compliance.

Importer must adapt processes to specific national requirements.

Cross-border compliance with local rules.

Importing pharmaceuticals into Japan with local guidelines.

House Air Waybill: Document issued by a freight forwarder for goods being shipped via air.

Freight forwarder manages the shipping process.

Freight forwarder ensures documentation and proper shipment handling.

Air freight logistics and tracking.

Sending high-value electronics via air with an HAWB.

Delivered Duty Unpaid (Delivered at Place): Seller delivers goods but buyer pays duties, taxes, and import clearance.

Buyer handles import taxes and duties.

Buyer accountable for customs clearance and payments.

International shipping, customs, and delivery.

Goods shipped from China to the EU; buyer pays VAT/duties.

Delivered At Place: Seller delivers goods to a named destination, excluding import duties and taxes.

Seller delivers to destination, buyer pays duties/taxes.

Buyer responsible for customs clearance and duties.

Cross-border B2B and B2C shipping.

Shipping goods to a warehouse in Germany under DAP.

Delivered Duty Paid: Seller delivers goods with all import taxes and duties paid.

Seller covers all taxes, duties, and clearance.

Seller fully responsible until goods reach the buyer.

B2C e-commerce shipping to countries with strict customs.

Online retailer shipping to the US with all costs covered.

One-Stop Shop: EU VAT scheme simplifying cross-border VAT reporting for sellers within the EU.

Seller reports VAT via a single return.

Seller accountable for VAT collection and reporting.

Applicable to cross-border EU sales.

Selling goods from France to Germany under OSS scheme.

Import One-Stop Shop: VAT scheme for goods valued under €150 or £135 imported to the EU.

Seller collects and remits VAT at point of sale.

Seller ensures VAT compliance for low-value imports.

B2C transactions for low-value goods in the EU.

A UK retailer shipping €120 items to EU customers.

Cost, Insurance, and Freight: Seller pays for insurance and freight to destination port.

Seller covers transport and insurance costs.

Buyer accountable for import duties and further logistics.

International shipping.

Exporting electronics from Japan to the EU.